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Related Concept Videos

Gross Anatomy of the Liver01:17

Gross Anatomy of the Liver

863
The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
Located under the diaphragm, the liver is almost entirely ensconced within the rib cage, providing it with substantial protection. Except for the superior most bare area, the liver's surface is...
863

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Optimized motion-insensitive PDFF mapping of the liver.

Jiayi Tang1,2, Daiki Tamada2, Raphael do Vale Souza2

  • 1Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

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|September 2, 2025
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Summary

Flip Angle Modulated (FAM) chemical shift-encoded MRI offers motion-insensitive liver fat quantification. Optimized with parallel imaging (PI), FAM in axial or coronal planes with R=2.0 is ideal for accurate proton-density fat fraction (PDFF) measurement.

Keywords:
MASLDPDFFfat quantificationlivermotion robustnessproton density fat fraction

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Medical Physics
  • Quantitative Imaging

Background:

  • Accurate liver proton-density fat fraction (PDFF) quantification is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring fatty liver disease.
  • Traditional chemical shift-encoded MRI methods can be susceptible to motion artifacts, especially during free-breathing acquisitions.
  • Parallel imaging (PI) acceleration offers potential for faster scan times but requires optimization for quantitative accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To implement, optimize, and validate parallel imaging (PI)-accelerated, 2D, flip angle modulated (FAM) chemical shift-encoded (CSE) MRI for motion-insensitive liver PDFF quantification.
  • To assess the performance of PI-accelerated FAM across different imaging planes and acceleration factors.
  • To compare the accuracy, repeatability, and image quality of FAM with a standard breath-held 3D CSE method.

Main Methods:

  • Generalized the optimization cost function for flip angles in FAM to incorporate PI acceleration.
  • Acquired free-breathing 2D FAM in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes with PI acceleration factors (R) from 1.0 to 3.0.
  • Compared FAM to a breath-held 3D CSE reference for PDFF, assessing image quality, SNR, motion artifacts, bias, and test-retest repeatability.

Main Results:

  • PI-accelerated FAM demonstrated excellent image quality and significantly reduced motion artifacts compared to the breath-held reference (p < 0.01).
  • PDFF measurements by FAM showed good agreement with the reference across all planes and accelerations (mean bias: -0.4% to 2.0%).
  • FAM in axial and coronal planes exhibited superior or similar test-retest repeatability (1.7%–2.6% PDFF) compared to the reference (2.7%), with R=2.0 offering good noise performance and SNR efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Flip Angle Modulated (FAM) MRI, accelerated with parallel imaging (PI) at R=2.0, provides motion-insensitive and accurate liver proton-density fat fraction (PDFF) quantification.
  • Axial or coronal imaging planes are optimal for FAM, offering improved repeatability and reduced motion artifacts compared to traditional methods.
  • This optimized FAM technique represents a significant advancement for reliable, free-breathing liver fat assessment in clinical practice.