Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 9, 2025
06:15
Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
Published on: October 31, 2019
12.1K
Organic Named Reactions in Green Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs)
Lubna Khan1, Ahmad Hasan1, Shakeel Alvi1
1Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi, 110025, India.
Topics in Current Chemistry (Cham)
|September 2, 2025
Summary
This study details 50 named organic reactions conducted in eco-friendly deep eutectic solvents (DESs). This collection promotes green chemistry and aids students and researchers in synthetic organic chemistry.
Area of Science:
- Organic Chemistry
- Green Chemistry
- Synthetic Chemistry
Background:
- Named reactions are essential for synthesizing complex molecules in organic chemistry.
- Understanding these reactions is crucial for advancing molecular architecture.
- Traditional methods often present challenges in achieving intricate molecular structures.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compile and review literature on 50 named reactions performed in deep eutectic solvents (DESs).
- To highlight the utility of DESs as environmentally friendly reaction media.
- To provide a valuable resource for the synthetic chemistry community.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature search for named reactions in DESs.
- Systematic collection and categorization of reported reactions.
- Focus on reactions conducted under green reaction conditions.
Main Results:
- A curated list of 50 named reactions successfully executed in DESs.
- Demonstration of DESs as effective and sustainable reaction media.
- Identification of new opportunities for utilizing DESs in organic synthesis.
Conclusions:
- Deep eutectic solvents offer a green alternative for performing vital named reactions.
- This compilation serves as a practical guide for students and researchers.
- The findings encourage further exploration of DESs in expanding the scope of organic synthesis.
Related Concept Videos
02:34Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
16.9K
Historical perspective
In 1896, the German chemist Paul Walden discovered that he could interconvert pure enantiomeric (+) and (-) malic acids through a series of reactions. This conversion suggested the involvement of optical inversion during the substitution reaction. Further, in 1930, Sir Christopher Ingold described for the first time two different forms of nucleophilic substitution reactions, which are known as SN1 (nucleophilic substitution unimolecular) and SN2 (nucleophilic substitution...
In 1896, the German chemist Paul Walden discovered that he could interconvert pure enantiomeric (+) and (-) malic acids through a series of reactions. This conversion suggested the involvement of optical inversion during the substitution reaction. Further, in 1930, Sir Christopher Ingold described for the first time two different forms of nucleophilic substitution reactions, which are known as SN1 (nucleophilic substitution unimolecular) and SN2 (nucleophilic substitution...
16.9K
02:45E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism
10.6K
SN2 substitutions and E2 eliminations of alkyl halides proceed via a concerted pathway. While the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon in SN2 reactions, it functions as a strong base and abstracts a beta hydrogen in the E2 mechanism. The rate-limiting transition state in E2 elimination reactions is characterized by partially broken carbon–hydrogen and carbon–halogen bonds and a partially formed pi bond between the alpha and beta carbons. The beta hydrogen and halide are eliminated...
10.6K
02:26Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides
8.8K
Due to their highly strained structures, epoxides can readily undergo ring-opening reactions through nucleophilic substitution, either in the presence of an acid or a base. The nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of acid are called acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions in the presence of a base are called base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions. Epoxides undergo base-catalyzed ring-opening reactions in the presence of a strong nucleophile...
8.8K
02:24Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides
7.7K
Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
7.7K
01:11ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –NH2, –OCH3
6.3K
All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
6.3K
02:43E1 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry
9.9K
One of the critical aspects of the E1 reaction mechanism, as also observed in E2, is the regiochemistry, with multiple regioisomers obtained as products. In the example discussed, the presence of water as a weak base favors elimination over substitution to generate two alkenes. Given that alkenes’ stability increases with the number of alkyl groups across the double bond, typically, E1 reactions lead to the Zaitsev product, for this is more substituted and stable than the Hofmann product.
9.9K