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Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ...

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Exploring efficient and effective mammalian models for Alzheimer's disease.

Mitsunori Kayano¹

¹Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

|September 2, 2025

Summary

This study explores efficient and effective mammalian models for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Promising candidates like marmosets and dogs, alongside understudied species, could advance AD research and treatment.

Keywords:

amyloid-β blood brain barrier cerebral amyloid angiopathy dog marmoset rodent tree shrew α-synuclein

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Animal Models
Pathology

Background:

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder.
Current AD models require refinement to fully recapitulate disease multifactoriality.
Understanding AD requires models that exhibit core pathology and associated comorbidities.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and evaluate efficient and effective mammalian models for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research.
To discuss criteria for ideal AD models, including pathology and systemic disturbances.
To highlight underutilized species with potential for AD modeling.

Main Methods:

Literature review and comparative analysis of existing and potential mammalian models for AD.
Characterization of models based on efficiency (size, lifespan, pathology development) and effectiveness (co-pathology, systemic effects).
Exploration of non-human primates, canines, tree shrews, guinea pigs, and degus as AD models.

Main Results:

Efficient AD models display rapid amyloid plaque formation and short lifespans.
Effective AD models mimic AD pathology, co-pathologies (e.g., Lewy body dementia), and systemic issues.
Common marmosets and dogs show promise as effective AD models.
Tree shrews, guinea pigs, and degus represent underexplored but potentially valuable models.

Conclusions:

Mammalian models, including primates and canines, are crucial for advancing Alzheimer's disease (AD) research.
Further investigation into species like tree shrews, guinea pigs, and degus may yield novel insights.
Integrating diverse mammalian models with data science will accelerate AD prevention and treatment development.