Development and validation of the Parental Food Choice Guilt Scale

Guilt is an important correlate of the food choices parents make for their children. However, without a validated self-report measure of feeding-related guilt, researchers remain unable to reliably assess its consequences for parents and children. This study developed and validated the Parental Food Choice Guilt (PFCG) Scale. Items were iteratively developed based on feedback from parents and content experts and refined through three preliminary rounds of data collection. The final 7-item PFCG was evaluated using an internet-based sample of 294 parents (194 mothers, 99 fathers) of children aged 3-13. Participants responded to the PFCG alongside measures of child eating habits, parent feeding behavior, and guilt-proneness. Exploratory factor analysis indicated unidimensionality of the underlying construct. A Graded Response Model indicated all items functioned well psychometrically. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's $\alpha$ = 0.90). Differential item functioning was not detected by parent gender, parent or child weight status, or parent education. The PFCG was positively correlated with global guilt, parenting-related guilt, and poorer child eating habits, and negatively correlated with feeding self-efficacy and healthfulness of the child's diet. The PFCG is a reliable and valid measure that will aid researchers across many applications, including clarifying guilt's role in child feeding.