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Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...

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Updated: May 5, 2026

Analysis of Nephron Composition and Function in the Adult Zebrafish Kidney

Analysis of Nephron Composition and Function in the Adult Zebrafish Kidney

Published on: August 9, 2014

Refining the Composition and Significance of Human Renal Intratubular Casts Using Spatial Protein Imaging.

Azuma Nanamatsu¹, Angela R Sabo¹, Daria Barwinska¹

¹Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Indiana University School of Medicine.

Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences

|September 2, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Renal intratubular casts contain Prominin-1 (PROM1), a novel injury marker. Urinary PROM1 may indicate acute kidney injury (AKI), offering new diagnostic potential for kidney disease.

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Published on: March 4, 2022

Area of Science:

Nephrology
Molecular Biology
Biomarker Discovery

Background:

Renal intratubular casts are common in kidney disease but their composition and significance are poorly understood.
Previous research has not fully elucidated the protein constituents of these casts.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify the protein composition of renal intratubular casts.
To investigate the association of cast components with tubular injury.
To explore the potential of urinary Prominin-1 (PROM1) as an acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarker.

Main Methods:

Utilized Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and Co-detection by indexing (CODEX) multiplexed spatial protein imaging on human kidney biopsies.
Performed immunoblotting for PROM1 in urine and analyzed public proteomics datasets.
Analyzed 424 intratubular casts from 33 individuals.

Main Results:

Identified PROM1 (90.1%) and IGFBP7 (35.6%) as major cast constituents, alongside UMOD (86.1%).
Cast presence correlated with loss of NCC and AQP2 expression, indicating tubular injury.
Intra-cast PROM1 strongly associated with tubular injury (OR 30.8).
Urinary PROM1 levels were elevated in AKI patients compared to controls (p=0.01).

Conclusions:

Prominin-1 (PROM1) is a novel major component of renal intratubular casts and an epithelial injury marker.
Cast protein signatures vary with disease state and correlate with distal nephron tubular injury.
Urinary PROM1 shows promise as a potential biomarker for AKI.