The Impact of Periodontitis on Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Therapeutic Implications

Objective: Periodontitis, a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease caused by bacteria. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for more than 17 million deaths globally each year. Both periodontitis and CVD are global noncommunicable diseases that share common risk factors. This review aimed to provide a guide for dentists and physicians, and improved treatment regimens for patients with both periodontitis and CVDs. Method: This present review reports existing evidence in the literature to summarize the correlation between periodontitis and six types of CVD, discusses the existing epidemiological evidence, intermechanism connections, and the impact of periodontal therapy on cardiovascular health. Results: Current research has emphasized the potential importance of periodontitis as a risk factor for CVD and has revealed various mechanisms of interaction between the two conditions. These mechanisms include oxidative stress, immune-inflammatory responses, and dysbiosis of the oral microbiota. Periodontitis may directly or indirectly induce systemic inflammation and oxidative stress by altering the circulation of oral microbiota, thereby affecting the occurrence and development of CVD. Conclusion: By strengthening prevention strategies of periodontitis, we have the potential to prevent or ameliorate cardiovascular conditions. The review provides new perspectives and an indication of future directions for the prevention of CVD.