Effects of fibroblast growth factor 2 on muscle precursor cells from mouse limb and extraocular muscle

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is known to play a role in skeletal muscle development and growth. We examined two populations of myogenic precursor cells for their responses to FGF2 in vitro using both extraocular and limb skeletal muscle. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to isolate two different populations of myogenic precursor cells, the EECD34 cells [positive for CD34, and negative for Sca1, CD31, and CD45] and PAX7-positive cells, from tibialis anterior and extraocular muscles of mice. These cells were cultured and treated with either proliferation or differentiation media in the absence or the presence of FGF2, followed by assays to determine its effects on proliferation and differentiation. These cells were also assessed for expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1, FGFR2, and FGFR4. Both the EECD34 cells and the PAX7-positive cells responded to FGF2 with significantly increased proliferation. Both myogenic precursor cell populations showed increased differentiation in the presence of FGF2, but also showed decreased rates of fusion into multinucleated myotubes in this in vitro system relative to control cells. FGF2 has pleiotropic effects on skeletal muscles. Contrary to the literature, FGF2 did not inhibit differentiation, but did appear to decrease fusion into multinucleated myofibers in vitro. These results provide a potential mechanism for reduction in myofiber number and size in the extraocular muscles in individuals with Apert syndrome, where FGF receptor 2 mutations maintain the receptor in an activated state.