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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Hearing01:31

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Encoding01:19

Encoding

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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning
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Predictive encoding of auditory sequences in the human prefrontal cortex.

Olgerta Asko1, Vegard A Volehaugen1, Anaïs Llorens2,3,4

  • 1RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|September 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The brain uses distinct prefrontal cortex regions to predict upcoming sounds. The orbitofrontal cortex initiates this predictive process, while the lateral prefrontal cortex refines it, guiding behavior.

Keywords:
Contingent Negative Variation (CNV)EEGHigh-Frequency Broadband Activity (HFBA)SEEGanticipationauditory perceptiondeviance detectionexpectationfrontal lobe lesionlateral prefrontal cortexorbitofrontal cortexprediction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Auditory Perception

Background:

  • The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is crucial for forming environmental expectations to guide behavior.
  • Specific roles of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and lateral PFC (LPFC) in predictive processing are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct temporal contributions of OFC and LPFC in auditory predictive processing.
  • To determine the causal roles of OFC and LPFC in expectancy formation.

Main Methods:

  • Intracranial EEG in epilepsy patients during an auditory deviance detection task.
  • Analysis of neural activity and functional connectivity between prefrontal subregions.
  • Assessment of expectancy sensitivity following OFC or LPFC lesions.

Main Results:

  • Prefrontal cortex engagement observed, with earlier expectancy modulation in OFC and later in LPFC.
  • Bidirectional, asymmetrical information flow between OFC and LPFC, initiated by OFC.
  • OFC lesions eliminated expectancy sensitivity, while LPFC lesions had minimal impact.

Conclusions:

  • OFC and LPFC exhibit distinct, temporally organized roles in predictive processing.
  • OFC plays an initiating role in predictive encoding, while LPFC refines expectancy.
  • Electrophysiological and causal evidence supports segregated functions within the prefrontal cortex for expectation.