Green nanoscience for healthcare: Advancing biomedical innovation through eco-synthesized nanoparticle

Green synthesis is an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to nanoparticle production using biological sources such as plant extracts and microorganisms. Unlike traditional chemical methods, it aligns with green chemistry principles by reducing toxic reagents, minimizing waste, and lowering environmental impact. Green-synthesized nanoparticles have shown great potential, especially in biomedicine, for targeted drug delivery, antimicrobial treatments, and imaging applications. Their properties can be finely tuned by controlling size, shape, and composition, supporting applications across electronics, healthcare, and environmental engineering. Characterization techniques are essential for analyzing their structural and functional attributes. However, challenges remain in terms of scalability, reproducibility, and lack of standardized synthesis protocols. The aim of this review is to explore recent advances in green nanoparticle synthesis, evaluate key mechanisms, highlight biomedical and environmental applications, and discuss current limitations. The review also emphasizes future directions and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to unlock the full potential of green nanotechnology.