Reducibility, adsorption energies, surface acidity - fundamental material properties for fast oxygen exchange

Oxygen exchange on mixed conducting oxide surfaces and how to modulate its kinetics has been in the focus of research for decades. Recent studies have shown that surface modifications can be used to tune the high temperature oxygen exchange kinetics of a single material systematically over several orders of magnitude, shifting the focus of research from bulk descriptors to a material's outermost surface. Herein, we aim to unify bulk and surface perspectives and derive general design principles for fast oxygen exchange based on three fundamental material properties: oxide reducibility, adsorption energetics, and surface acidity. We explain in detail how these properties relate to a material's electronic structure to facilitate guided materials discovery and design. We first introduce the connection of a material's electronic structure with its equilibrium defect chemistry and doping compensation mechanisms, and consequently to experimental observables, such as the oxidation enthalpy. We then present a molecular orbital model for oxygen adsorption on mixed conducting oxide surfaces, rationalizing trends of adsorption energies with a material's chemistry and electronic structure. Using this model we explore the effect of surface modifications on adsorption energetics, partially clarifying the effect of surface acidity on oxygen exchange kinetics. Building on this discussion, we show why the bulk O 2p band center and the work function are the two fundamental quantities that need to be tuned to achieve fast oxygen exchange kinetics on pristine surfaces and we discuss corresponding material design strategies. Lastly, we discuss potential implications for stability under operating conditions.