Limited Evidence for Depth Specialism in Isolated Seamount Reef Predators

Gradients in light, temperature and hydrodynamics associated with water depth are important determinants of ecological communities in marine environments. While depth specialism in coral reef fishes has been extensively studied in shallow (< 30 m) coastal reef systems, less is known about how depth-associated drivers operate over the larger depth ranges on isolated pinnacle and seamount reef systems, which are known to support abundant assemblages of predatory fishes. Using remotely operated vehicles, we surveyed predatory fish assemblages across a 100 m depth gradient on three seamount reefs in the Coral Sea. We tested for declines in abundance and diversity, as well as differences in assemblage structure of predatory fishes among depth strata. Species richness and abundance decreased significantly with depth, with predator abundance declining fourfold between the shallowest (5 m) and deepest (95 m) depths surveyed, while species richness was halved. Despite this, compositional differences among depth zones were minimal, with most taxa spanning the full depth range, suggesting adaptations to the limited horizontal habitat available on seamounts. Depth-associated shifts in taxonomic composition were primarily attributed to a single predator family, reef sharks (Carcharhinidae), which increased in abundance at mesophotic depths. The capacity of a large number of predatory fish taxa to utilize a wide range of depths allows these organisms to access favoured thermal environments and may be a potential resilience mechanism under future environmental change. Further studies are needed to assess the implications of depth use for predator behaviour, trophodynamics and conservation strategies.