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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

13.8K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Investigating Interactions Between Histone Modifying Enzymes and Transcription Factors in vivo by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
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Investigating Interactions Between Histone Modifying Enzymes and Transcription Factors in vivo by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

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Interplay between Polycomb-group associated histone modifiers and accessory proteins in plant evolution.

Ahamed Khan1, Biswajit Ghosh1, Daniel Schubert1

  • 1Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
|September 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accessory proteins evolved with core epigenetic regulators, like Polycomb group complexes, to shape plant development and adaptation. This review explores their co-evolution and role in mediating crosstalk between histone modification complexes.

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Detection of Histone Modifications in Plant Leaves
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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Epigenetics and chromatin regulation
  • Evolutionary developmental biology

Background:

  • Epigenetic regulators control gene expression via chromatin modification in response to environmental and developmental signals.
  • These regulators function as multiprotein complexes, often interacting with accessory proteins to maintain dynamic chromatin states.
  • The co-evolutionary history of core histone-modifying regulators and their accessory proteins in plants is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolutionary trajectory of major histone modification regulators in plants.
  • To specifically focus on the co-evolution of Polycomb group (PcG) complexes and their accessory proteins.
  • To elucidate the role of accessory proteins in modulating conserved epigenetic components and driving plant evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing existing research on plant epigenetic regulators.
  • Comparative analysis of conserved core components and accessory proteins across plant lineages.
  • Focus on Polycomb group complexes and their associated accessory proteins.

Main Results:

  • Accessory proteins have evolved to fine-tune the activity of conserved core epigenetic machinery.
  • These accessory proteins have played a crucial role in enabling key evolutionary innovations in plants.
  • Accessory proteins mediate crosstalk between different histone-modifying complexes, influencing the overall epigenetic landscape.

Conclusions:

  • Accessory proteins are critical evolutionary drivers in plant epigenetics, impacting development and adaptation.
  • Understanding the co-evolution of core regulators and accessory proteins provides insights into plant evolutionary history.
  • The interplay mediated by accessory proteins highlights their significance in shaping plant epigenetic diversity.