Sustainable innovation in foamed concrete using waste sanitary ware as fine aggregate for properties enhancement

The solid waste generated by the waste sanitary ware (WSW) sector is of considerable magnitude on a global scale. Recycling ceramic waste is an essential practice that ensures its proper disposal. Therefore, the objective of this research endeavor was to investigate the effects of replacing sand with WSW on different characteristics of foamed concrete (FC), such as its thermal properties, transportability, freshness, and mechanical strengths. A range of replacement rates, ranging from 5% to 25%, was considered. The utilization of WSW replacements increases the initial and final setting times, along with the densities of the mixtures, according to the test results. Nevertheless, the slump of the fresh test decreases. Significant improvements were observed in the mechanical characteristics when the replacement ratio was established at 10%. Furthermore, the results of the scanning electron microscopy evaluation and pore distribution analysis indicated that the performance of FC containing up to 10% WSW was superior as a filler for pores. Also, the addition of WSW resulted in a decrease in sorptivity, porosity, and water absorption. Nevertheless, the thermal conductivity of FC was enhanced. Nevertheless, considering the comprehensive examination, the most optimal approach to manufacturing environmentally friendly FC may involve replacing 10% of WSW.