Hurricane Exposure and Risk of Long-Term Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes

Hurricanes are associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, yet little is known about whether these risks extend into the long term and for how long.

To examine the association between hurricane-related flooding and CVD risk up to 5 years after landfall.

This cohort study included a 20% national sample of continuously enrolled Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries from New Jersey, New York City, and Connecticut from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2017. Data were analyzed from December 14, 2023, to June 20, 2025.

Residence in zip code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) impacted by flooding from Hurricane Sandy throughout the study period.

The primary outcome was the rate of ZCTA-level adjusted CVD events (including myocardial infarction [MI], heart failure [HF], and stroke), defined per 1000 beneficiary-years, with associated 95% bayesian credible intervals (bCrIs). Secondary outcomes included the rate of events for each CVD subtype (MI, HF, and stroke).

In the matched cohort, 121 395 beneficiaries resided in 690 ZCTAs, of which 441 (63.9%) flooded. In nonflooded vs flooded ZCTAs, mean (SD) age (74.2 [1.4] vs 74.1 [1.2] years; P = .16), proportion of female beneficiaries (61.4% [8.4%] vs 61.3% [6.6%]; P = .89), and proportion of White beneficiaries (74.3% [28.7%] vs 76.7% [26.8%]; P = .27) were similar, but ZCTA-level median income ($81 168 [$33 410] vs $69 650 [$27 594]; P < .001) and median National Area Deprivation Index rank (17.1 [IQR, 10.2-27.6] vs 21.0 [IQR, 10.9-32.5]; P = .02) differed; prevalence of CVD and CVD subtypes was similar at baseline. Flooding was associated with an increase in adjusted 5-year CVD risk post landfall (relative risk, 1.05; 95% bCrI, 1.01-1.08) and HF rates overall (relative risk, 1.03; 95% bCrI, 1.00-1.08). No significant difference was found in rates of MI or stroke in adjusted analyses.

In this cohort study of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries, hurricane-related flooding was associated with increases in CVD event rates as long as 5 years after landfall and increased HF rates in New Jersey. These findings highlight the importance of place-based vulnerability from hurricane exposure to mitigate longer-term CVD risk and the need to consider long-term outcomes in hurricane mitigation efforts.