Scoping review of micronutrient imbalances, clinical manifestations, and interventions

Micronutrients are fundamental to support and maintain normal physiological function. Deficiencies of these nutrients are a growing public health concern with potentially devastating consequences. An adequate diet of whole foods is the primary source of micronutrients; supplementation is sometimes necessary. Both deficiency and excess of these nutrients have adverse effects. Common deficiencies include iron, folate, iodine, zinc, and vitamin A, which can present clinically as a syndrome. Micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) are common contributors to intellectual impairments, poor growth, perinatal complications, and increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Excess of a select few of these nutrients can result in conditions such as idiopathic intracranial hypertension and diarrhea. Interventions, including supplementation, fortification, and biofortification, can help combat MNDs. This article reviews some common micronutrient imbalances, their clinical manifestations, and treatment interventions.