Role of irisin in physical activity, sarcopenia-associated type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular complications

Irisin is a chief myokine released during physical activity and has garnered attention for its potential therapeutic effects on different metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. This review explores the intricate connections between irisin, physical activity, sarcopenia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular complications. Experimental data suggests that through irisin release, physical activity positively influences muscle health, metabolic regulation, and cardiovascular function. In individuals with sarcopenia, characterized by progressive muscle mass and function loss, irisin plays a pivotal role in maintaining muscle integrity and function. Additionally, irisin's beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism suggest its involvement in the pathophysiology of T2DM. The review will examine how irisin may modulate the development of cardiovascular complications, particularly in the context of diabetes and aging. Additionally, it will explore its potential as a therapeutic target for managing sarcopenia, T2DM, and cardiovascular complications, underscoring the importance of physical activity in mitigating these interconnected health challenges. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which irisin mediates these effects and assess its clinical applicability in preventing and treating metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.