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Insights Into the Almond Domestication History.

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  • 1INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, PrADAm Université de Bordeaux Villenave d'Ornon France.

Evolutionary Applications
|September 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Almond domestication involved a single Middle Eastern origin with gene flow from multiple wild relatives, shaping its complex evolutionary history. This research highlights the importance of wild almond genetic diversity for future breeding and conservation efforts.

Keywords:
Mediterranean BasinPrunusalmondsdomesticationfruit treesgene flowgenetic resourcessharkavirus

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Area of Science:

  • * Evolutionary biology
  • * Plant genetics
  • * Agricultural science

Background:

  • * Crop domestication provides insights into plant evolution and adaptation.
  • * Almond (Prunus dulcis) evolutionary history is less understood compared to other Mediterranean fruit trees.
  • * Identifying genetically diverse wild germplasm is crucial for crop improvement and conservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To reconstruct the domestication history and evolutionary relationships of almond (Prunus dulcis) with its wild relatives.
  • * To investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of wild and cultivated almond accessions across Eurasia.
  • * To identify potential sources of genetic variation for traits like sharka resistance.

Main Methods:

  • * Analysis of 209 wild and cultivated almond accessions sampled across Eurasia.
  • * Genotyping using 23 microsatellite markers.
  • * Application of population genetics and coalescent-based inference, including Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC).

Main Results:

  • * Four distinct genetic clusters of cultivated almonds were identified: Turkish, Caucasian-Central Asian, Southern Spanish, and European/North American.
  • * Cultivated almonds are genetically differentiated from wild relatives, including Prunus turcomanica, Prunus orientalis, Prunus fenzliana, and Prunus spinosissima.
  • * A single domestication event in the Middle East was supported, likely originating from P. orientalis or P. turcomanica, with subsequent gene flow from other wild species.
  • * Reciprocal introgression between cultivated and wild almond populations was observed.
  • * Sharka resistance (plum pox virus) was found in cultivated almond clusters and P. fenzliana.

Conclusions:

  • * Almond domestication is a complex process involving multiple wild relatives and significant gene flow.
  • * Wild almond germplasm represents a valuable resource for breeding programs, particularly for enhancing resilience.
  • * Understanding crop-wild gene flow is essential for both evolutionary studies and practical breeding applications.