Modern approach to hepatocellular carcinoma treatment

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, necessitating innovative treatment strategies. Surgical resection and liver transplantation continue to be the gold standards for early-stage HCC; however, advances in imaging and minimally invasive techniques have improved patient selection and outcomes. Additionally, the emergence of targeted therapies and immunotherapy has transformed the treatment landscape for advanced HCC. This review highlights the efficacy of agents such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, alongside emerging options like immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have shown promise in clinical trials. Furthermore, the role of locoregional therapies, including ablation in the setting of combined treatment, transarterial chemoembolization and transarterial radioembolization with flow catheters, cone-beam computed tomography and 4D navigation guidance, is examined in the context of bridging therapies for patients awaiting surgical intervention. The integration of multidisciplinary care approaches and personalized treatment plans is crucial for optimizing outcomes. Future directions for HCC treatment are discussed, including the potential of novel biomarkers in prognosis and treatment response. This comprehensive overview aims to equip clinicians with the latest insights and foster collaborative efforts to improve HCC patient management and survival rates.