Neurogastroenterology: Current insights into gastrointestinal innervation in health and disease

Neurogastroenterology, a rapidly evolving field, investigates the intricate interactions between the nervous system and the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. This review offers a comprehensive summary of innervation of the gastrointestinal tract, focusing on both extrinsic and intrinsic components. Extrinsic innervation involves the autonomic nervous system, with sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers controlling various digestive functions, while intrinsic innervation, represented by the enteric nervous system, operates largely independently, orchestrating complex processes such as motility, secretion, and immune responses. Recent advances highlight the crucial role of the enteric nervous system, often referred to as the second brain, in maintaining gastrointestinal health and its involvement in various pathologies. The text also provides a basic overview of the pathophysiology of achalasia, Chagas disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastroparesis, diabetic gastroenteropathy, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and Hirschsprung's disease, which are conditions in which innervation of the gastrointestinal tract is more or less affected. The insights provided could pave the way for new interventions, offering hope for patients suffering from related conditions.