DNA nanostructures with 1D, 2D and 3D for intelligent drug delivery

Structural DNA nanotechnology has emerged as a powerful tool in modern medicine, offering precise self-assembly and spatial programmability for the design of functional nanocarriers. DNA nanostructures can be categorized into one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) architectures, each with distinct advantages: 1D structures are suited for studying cellular responses to physical cues, 2D structures provide large surface areas for enhanced molecular recognition, and 3D structures enable improved cellular uptake and tissue penetration. Despite their potential, there is still no widespread consensus on the optimal structural design for specific diseases. In this review, we highlight the diverse biomedical applications of DNA nanostructures across these dimensionalities and discuss their roles in advancing drug delivery and diagnostic technologies, offering guidance for future research and clinical translation.