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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Molecular compounds or covalent compounds result when atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. Since there is no electron transfer, molecular compounds do not contain ions; instead, they consist of discrete, neutral molecules. 
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Proteins are involved in several cellular processes and biochemical reactions. Analyzing a specific protein of interest requires it to be isolated from the other proteins in the cell. This is achieved by overexpressing the specific gene in a suitable host to produce large quantities of the target protein. A tag or label is recombined with the gene to produce a fusion protein containing the target protein and the tag. The tags on these fusion proteins can then be used for easy detection and...
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Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons characterized by the presence of carbon-carbon triple bonds and have a general formula CnH2n-2. The nomenclature of alkynes follows a set of rules similar to alkanes and alkenes; however, alkynes bear the suffix "-yne" instead of "-ane" or "-ene." There are two approaches to naming alkynes:
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  11. Solving The :: Fusion Nomenclature Challenge For File And Directory Naming

Solving the :: Fusion Nomenclature Challenge for File and Directory Naming

Tom Bisson1, Stefan Kaluziak2, Norman Zerbe3

  • 1Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Informatics; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pathology.

The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics : JMD
|September 3, 2025

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View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene fusion nomenclature using double-colons (::) faces technical file system issues. This study proposes using visually similar ASCII characters to ensure consistent and accurate genomic variant naming.

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • The double-colon (::) is standard in gene fusion nomenclature (e.g., EML4::ALK).
  • Operating systems often restrict colons in file names, leading to character substitutions like underscores (_).
  • These substitutions create ambiguity and inconsistency in genomic variant representation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the technical challenges posed by the double-colon in gene fusion nomenclature.
  • To propose a standardized, technically compatible solution for gene fusion naming.
  • To promote harmonization in genomic variant nomenclature.

Main Methods:

  • Identifying technical limitations of the double-colon symbol in file systems.
  • Proposing alternative, visually similar ASCII characters for gene fusion nomenclature.
Keywords:
Gene FusionHuman Genome Variation SocietyInternational System for Human Cytogenomic NomenclatureNomenclature

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  • Evaluating functional compatibility and visual consistency of proposed substitutions.
  • Suggesting Unicode replacements for other variant descriptors (/, >, *).

    • Main Results:

    • The double-colon (::) in gene fusion nomenclature causes technical file system conflicts.
    • Proposed ASCII character substitutions maintain visual and functional integrity.
    • Unicode characters offer solutions for variant types like alternative variants, substitutions, and nonsense variants.

    Conclusions:

    • Implementing character substitutions resolves technical issues in gene fusion nomenclature.
    • Standardized replacements ensure data integrity and consistency.
    • This approach facilitates a unified genomic variant nomenclature system.
    Variant Interpretation for Cancer Consortium