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Simulating and correcting the pileup effect in deep-silicon photon-counting CT.

Erik Fredenberg1,2,3, Daniel Collin2, Louis Carbonne2

  • 1Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.

Medical Physics
|September 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study validates a digital twin framework for deep-silicon photon-counting CT, demonstrating its accuracy in simulating pulse pileup effects and confirming the effectiveness of a pileup correction algorithm for improved image quality.

Keywords:
deep silicondigital twinphoton‐counting CTpileupsimulationvirtual clinical trial

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging Physics
  • Computational Modeling
  • Detector Technology

Background:

  • Photon-counting computed tomography (CT) offers enhanced spectral and spatial resolution.
  • Pulse pileup in photon-counting detectors causes count loss and spectral distortion, impacting image quality.
  • Deep-silicon detectors with segmented pixels aim to mitigate pileup by optimizing count rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a digital twin framework for deep-silicon photon-counting CT systems.
  • To assess the framework's accuracy in simulating pulse pileup effects by comparing simulation to prototype measurements.
  • To investigate the impact of pileup on image quality and evaluate a data-driven pileup correction algorithm.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated a semi-nonparalyzable detector pileup model into the CatSim simulation environment.
  • Validated the simulation framework against measured count data from a deep-silicon photon-counting CT prototype.
  • Incorporated a typical image chain including material decomposition and pileup correction for phantom image generation.

Main Results:

  • The pileup model demonstrated high accuracy, with deviations below 5% in count rate and variance compared to measurements.
  • The pileup correction algorithm effectively suppressed artifacts below noise levels in monochromatic and material images.
  • Iodine bias was significantly reduced from 26% to 2% without compromising contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR).

Conclusions:

  • The validated digital twin framework reliably represents pulse pileup effects in deep-silicon photon-counting CT.
  • The pileup correction algorithm shows strong performance, potentially reducing the need for recalibration in modulated scans.
  • Future work includes optimizing simulation speed and expanding the framework to include other detector effects.