Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials for Wireless and Precise Neuromodulation

Neuromodulation is a highly promising technology for controlling neural circuits, treating nervous system diseases, and manipulating brain function. Conventional approaches, such as direct electrical stimulation or optogenetics, face challenges from their unstable therapeutic outcomes, invasive nature, and potential tissue damage. The emergence of stimuli-responsive nanomaterial-based wireless neuromodulation techniques offers tunability, minimal invasiveness, highly specific targeting, and long-term biocompatibility and stability. In this review, recent advancements in stimuli-responsive nanomaterials activated by either external physical stimuli or internal biological cues for neuromodulation, including energy conversion materials, artificial catalytic nanomaterials, neuro-bioactive nanomaterials, and multifunctional nanomaterials, which have not been comprehensively covered in previous reviews, are highlighted. It begins with the significance of neuromodulation, and the conventional strategies employed for it. Subsequently, the intricate landscape of structural design, modulation mechanisms, and therapeutic outcomes of the related neurological disorders presented by these nanomaterials is navigated through. Finally, the challenges are outlined and illuminate the prospects within this field, aiming to steer future innovations in the design of more applicable nanomaterials for neuromodulation. It is anticipated that this systematic review will advance the development of next-generation wireless neuromodulation platforms, facilitating their clinical translation for neurological disorders.