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Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

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Published on: February 10, 2023

Late-Onset Invasive Aspergillosis With Pituitary Involvement and Dysfunction Following CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor

Daisuke Ikeda^1,2, Tomohiro Nawada³, Takumi Kondo²

¹Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan.

|September 4, 2025

Summary

Late-onset invasive fungal infections, like pituitary aspergillosis, can occur over a year after chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. This highlights a persistent risk and the need for ongoing antifungal vigilance in certain patients.

Keywords:

CD19 CAR T aspergillosis invasive fungal infection pituitary

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Published on: October 4, 2024

Area of Science:

Immunology
Infectious Diseases
Oncology

Background:

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a serious complication following chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy.
While bacterial and viral infections are more common, IFIs, particularly mould infections, can be fatal.
Most IFIs occur within 30 days post-infusion, leading to under-recognition of late-onset cases.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the under-recognized risk of late-onset invasive fungal infections after CAR T-cell therapy.
To present a case of pituitary aspergillosis occurring one year post-infusion.
To emphasize the need for sustained vigilance and tailored antifungal strategies.

Main Methods:

Case report of a patient who developed pituitary aspergillosis.
Analysis of the patient's timeline of CAR T-cell therapy and infection onset.
Review of literature regarding late-onset IFIs post-CAR T-cell therapy.

Main Results:

A patient developed pituitary aspergillosis as late as one year after CD19 CAR T-cell therapy.
This case illustrates a persistent risk of IFI in patients with delayed immune reconstitution.
Late-onset mould infections pose a significant, often overlooked, threat.

Conclusions:

Vigilance for invasive fungal infections should extend beyond the early post-CAR T-cell infusion period.
Individualised antifungal strategies are crucial for managing the persistent risk of IFIs.
Delayed immune reconstitution can predispose patients to late-onset fungal complications.