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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used....
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Mass Spectrometers01:16

Mass Spectrometers

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This lesson details the instrumentation of a mass spectrometer—a physical instrument to perform mass spectrometry on analyte molecules and record the characteristic mass spectra. This is achieved via three chief functions:
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Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

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The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
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Mass Analyzers: Overview01:13

Mass Analyzers: Overview

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The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

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The Psyche Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer.

David J Lawrence1, John O Goldsten1, Patrick N Peplowski1

  • 1Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA.

Space Science Reviews
|September 4, 2025
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Summary

The Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS) will analyze asteroid Psyche

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Astrogeology
  • Nuclear Astrophysics

Background:

  • Asteroid (16) Psyche is a unique M-class asteroid, potentially a metal-rich planetary core.
  • Understanding its composition is key to comprehending planetary formation and differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS) instrument for NASA's Psyche mission.
  • To outline the instrument's capability in determining Psyche's elemental and metal-to-silicate composition.
  • To explain how GRNS data addresses key mission objectives regarding Psyche's origin and nature.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) with a high-purity Germanium (HPGe) sensor for gamma-ray detection (60-9000 keV).
  • Employing an anticoincidence shield for background rejection, fast neutron measurements, and cosmic ray flux monitoring.
  • Using a Neutron Spectrometer (NS) with 3He proportional sensors to measure neutrons across thermal and epithermal energy ranges.

Main Results:

  • The GRNS is designed to measure near-surface abundances of key elements (Ni, Fe, Si, K, S, Al, Ca).
  • The instrument will map Psyche's metal fraction, crucial for understanding its internal structure.
  • Pre-launch and initial in-space performance data confirm instrument readiness.

Conclusions:

  • The GRNS instrument is a critical component for investigating the origin of asteroid Psyche.
  • Its measurements will directly address whether Psyche is a planetary core and its formation conditions.
  • The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the GRNS, its data products, and operational plan.