Emerging processing guidelines for solid electrolytes in the era of oxide-based solid-state batteries

Area of Science:

• Materials Science
• Electrochemistry
• Sustainable Energy

Background:

• Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate electric vehicle (EV) technology, but advancements are needed for longer range and faster charging.
• Next-generation batteries, including solid-state batteries (SSBs), promise higher energy densities for future EVs.
• Oxide-based solid electrolytes are key components for advanced SSBs, requiring critical evaluation of their development and manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

• To critically assess oxide-based solid-state battery electrolytes and their manufacturing processes.
• To evaluate the viability of SSBs against Li-ion batteries using a life cycle perspective.
• To identify scientific and technological gaps in large-scale SSB production for EVs.

Main Methods:

• Dismantling and evaluating oxide-based solid-state battery electrolytes, chemistries, and ceramic manufacturing.
• Analyzing material requirements, supply chains, and recycling concepts for sustainable battery production.
• Critically discussing three ceramic synthesis routes: solid-state processing, wet-chemical solution processing, and vapor deposition.

Main Results:

• Detailed processing guidelines, hindrances, and opportunities for oxide-based solid electrolyte synthesis are highlighted.
• Advantages and disadvantages of different processing methods are compared based on key metrics like precursor chemistry and synthesis conditions.
• Challenges and solutions for electrode/electrolyte interfaces and cell fabrication in bulk-type and thin-film SSBs are examined.

Conclusions:

• Significant scientific and technological gaps must be addressed for the large-scale production of oxide-based SSBs for EV applications.
• Understanding material supply chains and recycling is crucial for sustainable SSB development.
• Key guidelines and future perspectives are provided for the realization of all-solid-state batteries.