From Panels to Pathogen Networks: The Expanding Role of Targeted Sequencing in Veterinary Medicine

Targeted sequencing, a pivotal branch of next-generation sequencing (NGS), enables the selective enrichment of specific genomic regions and has demonstrated significant advantages in the detection of animal pathogens. This review systematically explores the underlying principles of targeted sequencing, various enrichment strategies-including PCR amplification, probe hybridization, and CRISPR-Cas systems-and their key applications in veterinary pathogen diagnostics. Due to its high throughput, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness, targeted sequencing has been successfully applied in the multiplex detection of pathogens in economically significant livestock, such as cattle, as well as in the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, pathogen typing, and source tracing. It is particularly effective in identifying mixed infections and low-abundance pathogens. Nonetheless, wide application is restricted by some factors, like incomprehensive reference databases, cost-effectiveness, and limited application in primary-level laboratories. Further development directions are AI-based panel design, multimodal diagnostic platform integration, standard workflow construction, and introduction of a multi-omics method. Such progress focuses on enhancing the targeted sequencing scalability and precision consistent with the "One Health" initiative objective.