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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition
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Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

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Thyroid hormone promotes fetal neurogenesis.

Federico Salas-Lucia1,2, Sergio Escamilla1,2, Amanda Charest3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, and.

JCI Insight
|September 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Maternal thyroid hormone (T4) is crucial for fetal brain development. This study shows T4 supports neural precursor cell differentiation and division, essential for neurogenesis.

Keywords:
Embryonic stem cellsEndocrinologyNeuroscienceThyroid diseaseTranscriptomics

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Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells NPCs

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Last Updated: Sep 8, 2025

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Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells NPCs
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Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells NPCs

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Maternal low thyroxine (T4) levels in early pregnancy are linked to offspring neurodevelopmental outcomes.
  • The precise mechanisms by which neural cells are vulnerable to maternal T4 levels during fetal development are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of thyroid hormones in human neural precursor cell differentiation and neurogenesis.
  • To elucidate the molecular pathways involved in thyroid hormone action in the developing brain.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a patient with a loss-of-function mutation in the MCT8 transporter.
  • Employed single-cell, spatial, and bulk transcriptomics on MCT8-deficient cerebral organoids and human neural precursor cells (NPCs).
  • Analyzed the expression of deiodinase enzymes and thyroid hormone nuclear receptors.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormones induce transcriptional changes promoting dorsal trajectory progression in human neural precursor cells.
  • Optimal thyroid hormone levels are necessary for NPC differentiation into neurons.
  • Intracellular T4 activation via type 2 deiodinase and nuclear receptors regulates NPC division and cell cycle progression.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroxine (T4) is essential for fetal neurogenesis and proper brain development.
  • MCT8 transporter and intracellular T4 activation are critical for thyroid hormone signaling in neural cells.
  • Highlights the importance of adequate maternal thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy for offspring neurodevelopment.