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Related Concept Videos

Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Preparation of Light-responsive Membranes by a Combined Surface Grafting and Postmodification Process
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A dual-mode electrochromic and thermochromic smart window utilizing a polyzwitterionic hydrogel.

Wenqi Wang1, Jiacheng Li1, Qianwen Li1

  • 1School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|September 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a dual-mode smart window using a temperature-sensitive hydrogel and complementary electrochromic materials. It offers passive cooling and active voltage-driven operation with enhanced stability and energy efficiency.

Keywords:
ElectrochromicHydrogelPolyzwitterionicSmart windowThermosensitive

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage and Conversion
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Hydrogel electrolytes offer advantages over liquid and solid electrolytes in electrochromic devices (ECDs).
  • Current hydrogel-based ECDs require external power and suffer from reduced lifespan due to ion accumulation.
  • Developing self-powered, long-lasting smart windows is crucial for energy-saving applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a dual-mode smart window with both passive (temperature-driven) and active (voltage-driven) electrochromic functionalities.
  • To enhance the stability and energy efficiency of smart windows by addressing ion accumulation issues.
  • To investigate the performance of a novel temperature-sensitive polyzwitterionic sulfobetaine hydrogel in an integrated smart window system.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a complementary electrochromic device using WO3·xH2O/Prussian blue (PB).
  • Integration of a temperature-sensitive polyzwitterionic sulfobetaine hydrogel as the electrolyte.
  • Testing of the smart window's optical modulation, passive cooling capability, and electrochromic performance under applied voltage.
  • Evaluation of cycling stability and ion migration dynamics within the hydrogel.

Main Results:

  • The dual-mode smart window achieved 65.6% optical modulation passively and 75.8% actively.
  • Passive operation, driven by hydrogel phase separation, reduced indoor temperature by 6.9 °C in a housing model.
  • Active mode exhibited fast response times (2.5s coloration, 2.2s bleaching) and excellent cycling stability (99.5% retention after 4000 cycles).
  • The zwitterionic hydrogel facilitated ion migration, preventing anion accumulation and improving device longevity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed dual-mode smart window offers a promising solution for energy-saving applications through passive cooling and efficient electrochromism.
  • The use of a temperature-sensitive polyzwitterionic hydrogel overcomes limitations of conventional ECDs, enhancing stability and performance.
  • This research presents an effective strategy for designing advanced smart windows with dual operational modes.