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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ...
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Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Dementia01:30

Dementia

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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual....
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Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory01:23

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory

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Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
 Glutamate and Synaptic Plasticity
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Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

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Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining,...
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Key Elements Involved in Alzheimer's Disease Progression.

Dania Khalid1, Amber Afroz1, Hammad Ismail1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan.

Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
|September 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves cognitive decline due to protein abnormalities and neurotransmitter imbalances. Research explores natural products and links to diabetes for potential therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseacetylcholine esteraseamyloid-beta proteindopaminenatural plant products.serotonin

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder impacting cognitive functions, particularly in individuals over 60, with increasing incidence in younger adults.
  • The exact cause of AD remains unknown, hindering targeted drug development.
  • Key implicated factors include altered tau protein, amyloid beta, cholinergic receptors, neurotransmitter imbalances (dopamine, serotonin), mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted biological underpinnings of Alzheimer's disease.
  • To highlight emerging research areas, including the connection between AD and diabetes mellitus.
  • To explore the potential of natural products in AD therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature and transcriptomics/proteomics analyses.
  • Investigation of genetic and protein dysregulation in AD.
  • Examination of cellular pathways involved in AD pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Identification of interconnected genes and proteins implicated in AD through transcriptomics and proteomics.
  • Evidence suggesting a link between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus.
  • Recognition of mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium signaling, and inflammation as significant contributors.

Conclusions:

  • Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is complex, involving genetic, proteomic, and cellular pathway disruptions.
  • The link with diabetes mellitus presents a novel research avenue.
  • Natural products show promise as future therapeutic agents for ameliorating AD and its symptoms.