Nanoscintillators as Next-Generation Radiotherapeutics: Bridging Physics, Chemistry, and Oncology

Scintillating nanoparticles, or nanoscintillators, are a promising class of radiotherapeutic agents that present novel opportunities to enhance the efficacy and precision of conventional radiation therapy in cancer treatment. These nanoparticles possess the unique ability to convert ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, into visible light emission, which can, in turn, activate a variety of secondary therapeutic modalities, such as photodynamic therapy, within the tumor microenvironment. By enabling therapeutic mechanisms that are mechanistically distinct from those of ionizing radiation, nanoscintillators offer a multifaceted strategy to overcome tumor resistance and improve treatment outcomes. This Review aims to provide a focused exploration of the fundamental principles, design strategies, and emerging translational applications of scintillating nanoparticles in nanomedicine. Rather than present an exhaustive survey, we highlight key developments, current challenges, and future directions that define the state of this rapidly evolving field.