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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.

Oxidation of Alcohols

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Temperature-programmed Deoxygenation of Acetic Acid on Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts

Temperature-programmed Deoxygenation of Acetic Acid on Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts

Published on: February 7, 2017

Oxide Interface-Stabilized Superoxo Species for High-Temperature Catalysis.

Zhongsen Wang¹, Fanyu Wang¹, Jiamin Zheng¹

¹Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|September 5, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel composite oxide catalyst for high-temperature methane oxidation. This catalyst enhances reaction rates by stabilizing active oxygen species at interfaces, outperforming many noble metal catalysts.

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Last Updated: Sep 9, 2025

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Catalysis
Surface Chemistry

Background:

High-temperature oxidation reactions are crucial for industrial and environmental applications.
Earth-abundant transition metal oxides are promising catalysts but suffer from active oxygen species desorption at high temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a composite oxide catalyst that overcomes the limitations of active oxygen species desorption at high temperatures.
To investigate the role of interface-stabilized superoxo species in high-temperature methane oxidation.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a CuMn spinel/Mn2O3 composite oxide catalyst.
In situ characterizations (e.g., spectroscopy, microscopy) to analyze catalyst structure and species.
Theoretical calculations (e.g., density functional theory) to understand reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

The CuMn spinel/Mn2O3 catalyst demonstrated a 14-fold enhancement in methane oxidation compared to Mn2O3.
Interface-stabilized superoxo species were observed to form via lattice oxygen migration at high temperatures.
The catalyst exhibited superior activity and stability compared to many noble-metal supported catalysts.

Conclusions:

Interface-stabilized superoxo species play a critical role in enhancing high-temperature methane oxidation.
The developed composite oxide catalyst offers a promising route for efficient high-temperature catalytic processes.
Interface engineering is a viable strategy for designing advanced oxidation catalysts.