Advanced Materials for CO₂ Capture: A Critical Review of Emerging Adsorbents and Technologies

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture technology (CCT) is a critical step toward reducing the environmental impact of fossil fuel combustion, which contributes significantly to global climate change. This review examines the current state of CCT, focusing on its efficiency, limitations, and scalability. Advanced technologies such as postcombustion, precombustion, oxyfuel combustion, and direct air capture are examined, with an emphasis on their suitability for industrial-scale applications. Metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and conjugated microporous polymers are being investigated for their ability to improve CO₂ adsorption while reducing energy penalties. Despite the significant energy consumption, greater process optimization and breakthroughs in material science allow these technologies to scale and be more efficient. This review concludes by emphasizing the need for continuous research and innovation because of its vital role in greatly decreasing greenhouse gas emission and helping to curb climate change.