Cardiovascular Health in Women-Across the Lifespan

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among women worldwide. However, CVD continues to be perceived as a predominantly male issue. CVD in women therefore remains understudied, underrecognized and undertreated. Starting in adolescence and extending into older age, lifestyle factors, psychosocial stressors, hormonal changes and pregnancy, significantly influence the cardiovascular health of women. This review provides a comprehensive overview of CVD in women, focusing on sex-specific risk factors, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment across the lifespan. The article seeks to raise awareness and provide insights into sex-specific prevention, diagnosis and management strategies. We highlight gaps in knowledge to underscore the importance of sex-based research that is crucial to improving outcomes for women with CVD.