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Exploring the Relationship Between Gut Health and Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Allenki Vineesh1, Shivani Shah2, Kinjal Shah3

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Changes in the gut microbiota are linked to autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Microbiota-directed interventions show promise in improving AIDs by modulating immune responses and gut health.

Keywords:
autoimmune diseasesdietary interventionsfecal microbiota transplantationgut microbiotaimmune dysregulationintestinal permeabilitymicrobiome dysbiosismicrobiota-directed interventionssystematic reviewtherapeutic intervention

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) involve immune dysregulation and inflammation.
  • The human gut microbiota significantly influences immune reactivity and autoimmune pathogenesis.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the gut microbiome's role in AIDs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review literature correlating gut microbiota changes with AIDs.
  • To explore mechanistic links, including intestinal permeability and immune modulation.
  • To determine the efficacy of microbiota-directed interventions for AIDs.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across major databases (PubMed, Embase, etc.) until May 2025.
  • Inclusion of observational studies, RCTs, and mechanistic research on AIDs and gut microbiome.
  • Data extraction and risk of bias assessment by two independent reviewers, with narrative synthesis and meta-analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified common dysbiosis patterns in AIDs: reduced diversity, increased intestinal permeability, and expansion of pro-inflammatory bacteria (e.g., Ruminococcus gnavus).
  • Dietary interventions, fecal microbiota transplantation, and probiotics showed positive impacts on clinical and immune markers.
  • Meta-analysis confirmed microbiota-directed interventions significantly improved disease activity and immune responses in AIDs.

Conclusions:

  • Gut microbiota is a critical factor in autoimmune disease immunopathology.
  • Gut-directed therapies offer potential as adjunct strategies for managing AIDs.
  • Further research is needed to standardize methods and identify disease-specific microbial targets for interventions.