Changes in circadian rhythm and suppression of the plasma cortisol level after prolonged stress in the sheep

Diurnal variations in the plasma cortisol level were studied in anoestrous, pro-oestrous and pregnant ewes subjected to weak electric stimulation of the fore-limbs 9 h daily for 3 consecutive days. In non-pregnant ewes the cortisol level rose on each of the 3 days when the stimulation was applied and then decreased on the day following the stimulation. A similar decrease in plasma cortisol concentrations in pregnant ewes appeared on the second day of footshocking. The acrophase of the circadian rhythm on electrostimulation days was synchronous with the time of application of footshocks; therefore, in stimulated ewes it was significantly accelerated compared to the prestimulatory day. A decrease in the plasma cortisol level in pro-oestrous and pregnant ewes was accompanied by disappearance of its normal rhythmicity. Since a normal plasma cortisol response to exogenous corticotrophin was noted after 3 days of footshocking it seems unlikely that the decrease in the cortisol level after prolonged stress was caused by exhaustion of the adrenal cortex. Some central mechanisms which could account for the biphasic changes in the plasma cortisol level and for disturbances of the hormone diurnal rhythmicity under conditions of prolonged stress are discussed.