Structural and functional analysis of VYD222: a broadly neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2 variants

Extensive mutations in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have rendered most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ineffective. However, here we describe VYD222 (pemivibart), a human mAb re-engineered from ADG20 (adintrevimab), which maintains potency despite substantial virus evolution. VYD222 received FDA Emergency Use Authorization for pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 in certain immunocompromised adults and adolescents. Here we show potent neutralization of this antibody against a broad range of emerging variants, including Omicron KP.3 and KP.3.1.1. X-ray crystal structures of VYD222 complexed with the receptor-binding domains of prototype SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron BA.5 demonstrate the binding epitope spans from the receptor binding site to the conserved CR3022 site. Notably, many of the matured residues between ADG20 and VYD222 occur outside the paratopic region. Deep mutational scanning indicates that SARS-CoV-2's ability to escape VYD222 is constrained by structural compatibility and the need to maintain receptor binding. These findings provide crucial insights into the escape-resistant neutralization of VYD222 against a broad panel of clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 variants and offer valuable guidance for risk assessment of emergent variants.