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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
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Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions
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Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

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Autophagy and Bacterial infections.

Ken Cadwell1,2, Clara Abraham3, Shai Bel4

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Autophagy Reports
|September 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy, a cellular process, clears bacteria and controls inflammation during infections. Impaired autophagy links to Crohn's disease, highlighting its role in immunity and potential therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
AutophagyCASMCrohn diseaseLC3 associated phagocytosisbacteriaxenophagy

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a conserved cellular process crucial during bacterial infections.
  • It plays a dual role in antimicrobial defense: direct pathogen clearance (xenophagy) and regulation of inflammatory products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dual functions of autophagy in coordinating antimicrobial responses.
  • To detail molecular mechanisms of xenophagy and pathogen counterstrategies.
  • To explore related pathways like LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) and conjugation of ATG8 to single membranes (CASM).
  • To examine the link between impaired autophagy, Crohn's disease, and bacterial handling.
  • To discuss effector-triggered immunity and therapeutic potential of modulating autophagy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on autophagy and bacterial infections.
  • Detailed examination of molecular mechanisms of xenophagy and related pathways (LAP, CASM).
  • Analysis of genetic links between Crohn's disease and autophagy dysfunction.
  • Discussion of pathogen strategies to evade or exploit autophagy.
  • Exploration of emerging concepts like effector-triggered immunity.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy directly clears intracellular pathogens via xenophagy.
  • Autophagy regulates inflammatory products, contributing to an effective antimicrobial response.
  • Pathogens employ effectors to inhibit autophagy or utilize its machinery.
  • Pathways like LAP and CASM expand autophagy's role beyond traditional autophagosomes.
  • Impaired autophagy is linked to Crohn's disease and defective bacterial handling.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy is a critical multifaceted defense mechanism against bacterial infections.
  • Dysfunctional autophagy contributes to inflammatory diseases like Crohn's.
  • Modulating autophagy presents therapeutic opportunities for infectious and inflammatory conditions.