Interventions for post-stroke apathy and their effects: A scoping review

ObjectiveThis scoping review aimed to comprehensively map interventions for post-stroke apathy and their effects.Data sourcesThe literature search for this review was performed using PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science, targeting studies published until August 7, 2025.Review methodsThis scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews. The population included patients with post-stroke apathy; the concept focused on post-stroke apathy assessment and interventions and their effects. The context covered both general and community healthcare settings. Controlled vocabulary (e.g., MeSH terms) such as "post-stroke apathy," "intervention," and "effect" was used to formulate the search strategy. The eligible studies were independently screened by three reviewers, and final inclusion was determined through discussion.ResultsOf the 565 studies identified, 13 met the inclusion criteria (n = 13). The mapping revealed that pharmacological interventions not only improved and prevented post-stroke apathy symptoms but also alleviated emotional blunting, reduced loss of motivation and interest, and enhanced social behavior and participation. Non-pharmacological interventions were associated with symptom relief and recovery over time. Furthermore, combined pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches contributed to improvements not only in post-stroke apathy but also in depression, language function, and behavioral aspects.ConclusionThe findings suggest that appropriate treatment for post-stroke apathy may lead to symptom relief, improvement, and prevention while enhancing language function, behavior, and social participation. Future research should focus on systematic reviews and meta-analyses to establish evidence-based recommendations for post-stroke apathy treatment strategies and their optimal combinations.