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Acute myeloid leukemia: a comprehensive update.

Maria Jose Garcia-Rodriguez1, Yorman Flores1, Jose Salinas2

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Summary
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Recent advances in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) focus on genetic alterations for precise diagnosis and targeted therapies. Measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring guides treatment, improving outcomes for AML patients.

Keywords:
acute myeloid leukemiaallogeneic stem cell transplantationtargeted therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Genetics

Background:

  • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a complex hematologic malignancy with diverse genetic underpinnings.
  • Recent years have seen rapid advancements in understanding AML's molecular landscape and developing novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize recent breakthroughs in AML diagnosis, classification, and treatment as of 2025.
  • To provide an updated perspective for clinicians and researchers on managing AML.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature and clinical findings.
  • Analysis of updated WHO and ICC classifications.
  • Synthesis of data on molecular profiling and targeted therapies.

Main Results:

  • New classifications emphasize genetic alterations for precise AML subtyping.
  • Molecular profiling enhances risk stratification and highlights the role of measurable residual disease (MRD).
  • Targeted agents (FLT3, IDH1/2, menin inhibitors) offer new options for specific patient groups, including those unfit for intensive chemotherapy or with relapsed disease.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic insights and novel therapies are transforming AML management towards personalized medicine.
  • Evolving postremission strategies, including MRD-guided decisions and maintenance therapies, aim for improved long-term disease control.
  • Emerging treatments like CAR-T cell therapy show promise for future AML management.