Recent Advances in Cardiac Tissue Engineering: Innovations and Future Directions

Cardiac tissue engineering (CTE) is a rapidly evolving field that combines cells, scaffolds, and biofabrication methods to repair damaged heart tissue. New technologies have made it possible to utilize AI in designing cardiac patches and 4D bioprinting to create biomaterials that respond to time. These procedures are a big step forward from traditional ones since they offer more accuracy, flexibility, and the possibility of therapies that are tailored to each patient. This review talks about the latest developments in cellular sources, biomaterials, and bioprinting platforms, as well as immunological, regulatory, and translational issues. We show a realistic way forward for using CTE in clinical settings by looking at both its strengths and weaknesses. SUMMARY: Innovative biomaterials enhance cardiac tissue regeneration. 3D bioprinting revolutionizes cardiac tissue fabrication. Patient-specific stem cell therapies offer personalized solutions. AI and 4D printing advance tissue design and clinical applications.