Benefits of physical activity on cognitive function in patients with neurocognitive disorders: A systematic review

Neurocognitive disorders, particularly in older adults, significantly affect functional abilities and global health. Physical activity has emerged as a potential non-pharmacological intervention to improve cognitive performance in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. This review specifically addressed the issue of tailored physical activity interventions for individuals with various neurocognitive disorders. This literature review analyzed studies investigating the effects of physical activity on cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease, and Lewy body dementia. The studies were evaluated for methodological rigor, participant characteristics, types of physical activities, and cognitive outcomes. Of the 21 studies reviewed, 14 reported beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognitive function, particularly with aerobic activities. While most studies observed improvements in cognitive performance and physical functional capacity, results were inconsistent, and effect sizes were modest. Mechanisms proposed for cognitive improvement in AD included reductions in β-amyloid and tau protein burdens, improved glucose metabolism, and enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Specific improvements were noted in Parkinson's disease, with evidence suggesting mediation through dopamine pathways. Despite evidence of short-term benefits, significant variability exists among studies, highlighting the need for individualized exercise programs tailored to specific neurocognitive conditions. Physical activity stands as a cornerstone non-pharmacological intervention, essential for supporting cognitive health in individuals with neurodegenerative diseases. Further research is necessary to establish long-term effects and optimal exercise modalities, along with standardized evaluation criteria to assess the cognitive impacts of physical activity reliably.