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Methods of Medium Optimization01:28

Methods of Medium Optimization

Optimizing growth media enhances microbial proliferation and maximizes product yield. Statistical experimental design methodologies provide structured and reproducible approaches, offering progressively higher levels of robustness and efficiency.The One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) MethodThe One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) method involves adjusting a single variable while keeping all others constant. However, it cannot detect interactions between variables, often leading to suboptimal outcomes when...

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Multimodal bioprinting of pigmented skin with algorithm-tuned control.

Rihui Kang1, Meng Li1, Rong Cheng1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence & Micro Nano Sensors, Shanxi Province, College of Integrated Circuits, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China; Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan, China.

Biomaterials Advances
|September 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a 3D bioprinting method for functional pigmented skin models using advanced deposition and control. This innovation enables efficient nutrient delivery and reduces medium use for artificial organ development.

Keywords:
3D bioprintingPSO-FOPImicrovalvemultimodalpigmented

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Area of Science:

  • Bioprinting and Tissue Engineering
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Control Systems Engineering

Background:

  • Fabricating functional, pigmented skin models presents significant technical hurdles.
  • Existing 3D bioprinting methods often lack the precision for complex, multi-layered tissue architectures.
  • Efficient nutrient supply and reduced medium consumption are key challenges in engineered tissue culture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a multimodal 3D biomanufacturing strategy for creating functional pigmented skin models.
  • To address technical challenges in precision deposition and control for biomimetic skin fabrication.
  • To create a novel perfusion culture system for enhanced engineered tissue viability and reduced resource use.

Main Methods:

  • A hybrid bioprinting approach combining extrusion and microvalve droplet deposition for dermal and epidermal layers.
  • Utilizing gelatin methacryloyl-polyacrylamide (GelMA-PAM) composites for biomimetic skin construction.
  • Implementing a particle swarm optimization-tuned fractional-order proportional-integral (PSO-FOPI) control system for enhanced printing accuracy.
  • Developing a polycaprolactone (PCL)-based perfusion culture platform with hollow grid scaffolds.

Main Results:

  • Successful fabrication of multilayered, biomimetic skin architectures with precisely patterned melanocytes.
  • Significantly improved motor speed regulation and positioning accuracy via the PSO-FOPI control system.
  • Demonstrated uniform pigment distribution and excellent biological performance in the engineered skin model.
  • Achieved enhanced nutrient transport efficiency and a 90% reduction in culture medium consumption using the novel perfusion system.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents a robust multimodal biomanufacturing strategy for complex artificial organs.
  • The developed 3D bioprinting technique and perfusion culture system overcome key fabrication and culture challenges.
  • This framework provides a foundation for engineering functional skin grafts and other advanced engineered tissues.