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NADES-based microwave-assisted single-step extraction process for extracting bioactive compounds from Amomum
Ann Raeboline Lincy Eliazer Nelson1, Sivakumar Venkatachalam2
1Food Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Guindy, Chennai 600 025, India.
Food Chemistry
|September 5, 2025
Summary
This study introduces a green microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) for black cardamom. Lactic acid and sucrose/glucose mixtures proved highly effective for extracting valuable bioactive compounds.
Area of Science:
- Green Chemistry
- Natural Product Chemistry
- Analytical Chemistry
Background:
- Black cardamom (Amomum subulatum) is rich in bioactive compounds with potential health benefits.
- Traditional extraction methods often lack efficiency and sustainability.
- Developing eco-friendly extraction techniques is crucial for maximizing the utilization of natural resources.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a sustainable and energy-efficient microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method for black cardamom.
- To evaluate the efficacy of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) for extracting bioactive compounds.
- To characterize the extracted compounds and assess the greenness of the method.
Main Methods:
- Preparation of six NADES using choline chloride, lactic acid, citric acid, glucose, and sucrose.
- Extraction of bioactive compounds from black cardamom using MAE with selected NADES.
- Quantification of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC).
- Assessment of antioxidant activity and capacity.
- Compound profiling using Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS).
- Evaluation of method greenness using AGREEprep and AGREE metrics.
Main Results:
- Lactic acid-sucrose (Lact:Suc) and lactic acid-glucose (Lact:Gluc) NADES demonstrated the highest extraction efficiencies.
- Lact:Suc yielded high TPC (48.99 mg GAE/g) and TFC (56.54 mg QE/g) with significant antioxidant activity (98.39%).
- Lact:Gluc achieved high TFC (67.02 mg QE/g) and antioxidant activity (96.64%).
- LC-ESI-MS analysis revealed distinct compound selectivity for Lact:Suc (favored glycosides, phenolic acids, lignans) and Lact:Gluc (effective for tyrosols, aglycones).
- All NADES outperformed ethanol in extraction yield and compound specificity.
- Greenness assessments confirmed strong adherence to green chemistry principles (AGREEprep: 0.87; AGREE: 0.81).
Conclusions:
- MAE with specific NADES offers a sustainable and efficient approach for black cardamom bioactive compound extraction.
- Lact:Suc and Lact:Gluc are promising solvents for targeting diverse bioactive compounds.
- The developed method aligns with green chemistry principles, offering an environmentally friendly alternative.
- This research enhances the potential for utilizing black cardamom in functional food and pharmaceutical applications.
