Central Neurophysiological Alterations in Dystrophic mdx Mice Correlate With Reduced Hippocampal Levels of the...

Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) may experience neurobehavioral and cognitive concerns, including psychiatric symptoms, due to the absence of full-length dystrophin (Dp427), frequently accompanied by deficiencies in shorter isoforms. The lack of dystrophin affects neurophysiological processes from the uterine phase, impacting neural circuitry in brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. This leads to reduced inhibitory GABAergic transmission and altered hippocampal glutamatergic signaling. The resulting imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory inputs contributes to the neurodevelopmental and cognitive deficits observed in DMD. Recent studies have reported correlations between serum levels of D-aspartate and D-serine, endogenous ligands of glutamatergic receptors, and conditions such as schizophrenia, spinal muscular atrophy, and aging. Furthermore, in a recent clinical study, we reported a general dysregulation of D-/L-amino acids known to modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission in the serum of DMD patients, with significant correlations between muscle wasting, motor impairment, and alterations in L-glutamate levels and the L-glutamine/L-glutamate ratio. To delve deeper into this matter, we conducted an extensive neurochemical analysis using high-pressure liquid chromatography to measure the levels of the same D-/L-amino acids across various brain regions, the spinal cord, and serum of the mdx mouse model of DMD. Our results revealed a significant reduction in prenatal D-aspartate levels and postnatal levels of specific L-amino acids in the hippocampus of dystrophic mice compared to wild type. In adult mdx mice, we also observed a near-significant decrease in hippocampal D-serine levels and a significant reduction in spinal cord D-aspartate levels. This study provides the first evidence potentially linking D-/L-amino acid dysmetabolism in the hippocampus to the described neurophysiological alterations. Although further investigations are essential to validate this hypothesis, the mechanisms proposed here offer insight into how amino acid imbalances may contribute to the DMD-associated neurological and cognitive deficits, thus supporting the rationale for developing future targeted therapeutic strategies.