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Outlook on zero/ultrashort echo time techniques in functional MRI.

Silvia Mangia1, Shalom Michaeli1, Olli Gröhn2

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New functional MRI (fMRI) methods using zero/ultrashort echo time (TE) offer an alternative to traditional echo planar imaging (EPI). These techniques overcome EPI limitations, enabling advanced research applications.

Keywords:
BOLDUTEawake animalsbody motionfMRIhuman brainsusceptibility artifactszero‐TE

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Neuroimaging
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast using echo planar imaging (EPI) is the standard for functional MRI (fMRI).
  • EPI-based fMRI faces challenges like motion sensitivity, signal dropouts, and acoustic noise.
  • Alternative fMRI strategies are needed to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of free induction decay (FID)-based fMRI techniques using zero/ultrashort echo time (TE).
  • To compare the benefits and drawbacks of zero/ultrashort TE fMRI with conventional EPI-based fMRI.
  • To discuss the potential of zero/ultrashort TE fMRI for future research and clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of free induction decay (FID)-based functional MRI (fMRI) techniques.
  • Comparison of zero/ultrashort echo time (TE) fMRI with conventional echo planar imaging (EPI)-based fMRI.
  • Discussion of initial findings and ongoing developments in zero/ultrashort TE fMRI.

Main Results:

  • Zero/ultrashort TE fMRI techniques inherently address many EPI-based fMRI shortcomings.
  • Robust functional contrast has been demonstrated in human and animal studies using zero/ultrashort TE fMRI, primarily through inflow effects.
  • These novel methods show promise for applications where EPI is limited.

Conclusions:

  • Zero/ultrashort TE fMRI presents a powerful alternative to EPI-based fMRI.
  • This technique is expected to advance basic, clinical, and preclinical research, particularly in challenging scenarios.
  • Future applications include ultrahigh magnetic fields, awake animal studies, multimodal imaging, and non-brain fMRI.