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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Co-Culture of Murine Small Intestine Epithelial Organoids with Innate Lymphoid Cells
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IL-25-induced memory type 2 innate lymphoid cells enforce mucosal immunity.

Victor S Cortez1, Sara Viragova2, Satoshi Koga1

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

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|September 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intestinal helminths induce a protective gut adaptation using IL-25, enhancing host immunity. This adaptation involves specialized immune cells, offering resilience against pathogens without causing chronic inflammation.

Keywords:
IL-25ILC2salarminsepigeneticsepithelial stem cellshelminth infectioninnate memorysmall intestinestissue adaptation

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Intravital Imaging of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Murine Small Intestine
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Parasitology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Intestinal helminths have evolved mechanisms to modulate host responses for survival and reproduction.
  • The interleukin-25 (IL-25) pathway, involving tuft cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), plays a role in host defense against parasites.
  • Parasites can manipulate this IL-25-mediated circuit to their advantage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the induction and characteristics of small intestinal adaptation using IL-25.
  • To determine the impact of this adaptation on host resistance to pathogens.
  • To elucidate the role of ILC2s in maintaining mucosal resilience.

Main Methods:

  • Induction of small intestinal adaptation via IL-25 administration in a vertebrate model.
  • Assessment of anatomical and immunological changes post-induction.
  • Characterization of effector-memory ILC2s through transcriptional and epigenetic analysis.
  • Evaluation of host resistance to barrier pathogens.

Main Results:

  • IL-25 alone induced persistent anatomical and immunological changes in the small intestine.
  • Adaptation conferred heightened resistance to various barrier pathogens, including in the lungs.
  • Effector-memory ILC2s were transcriptionally and epigenetically modified, distinct from innate training.
  • These modified ILC2s maintained an activated state, supporting mucosal resilience without chronic inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • IL-25 can induce a durable state of intestinal adaptation with broad protective benefits.
  • Modified effector-memory ILC2s are key mediators of this resilience, coordinating a distributed mucosal defense.
  • This pathway offers a novel strategy for enhancing host immunity and preventing pathogen-induced damage.