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Fever can be triggered by several factors, including infections, nervous system disorders, certain cancers, blood diseases like leukemia, embolism, thrombosis, heatstroke, dehydration, surgical trauma, crushing injuries, and allergic reactions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

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Enteric (typhoid and paratyphoid) fever.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Enteric fever, caused by Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi bacteria, is a serious infection spread through contaminated water and food. Prevention relies on vaccines and improved sanitation.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Enteric fever, encompassing typhoid and paratyphoid, is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi.
  • These infections are prevalent in regions with inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure.
  • Faecal-oral transmission facilitates the spread of these debilitating diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of enteric fever, including its causative agents, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
  • To highlight the challenges in differentiating enteric fever from other febrile illnesses.
  • To emphasize the importance of antimicrobial resistance patterns and vaccination in disease management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diagnostic methods, including blood and bone marrow cultures.
  • Analysis of recommended treatment options such as azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone.
  • Evaluation of available preventive strategies, including typhoid Vi-conjugate vaccines and WASH improvements.

Main Results:

  • Typical enteric fever symptoms include gradual fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia, often complicated by antimicrobial resistance.
  • Blood or bone marrow cultures are reference diagnostics, though blood culture sensitivity is limited.
  • Emerging resistance to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone necessitates careful treatment selection based on local patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of enteric fever requires accurate diagnosis, appropriate antimicrobial therapy guided by resistance data, and robust prevention strategies.
  • Vaccination, particularly with typhoid Vi-conjugate vaccines, alongside substantial improvements in WASH, are crucial for controlling enteric fever.
  • Continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and public health interventions are essential to combat the global burden of enteric fever.