Branched DNA for disease diagnosis and therapy

DNA exhibits remarkable versatility, which is attributed to its inherent molecular recognition capabilities, programmable sequences, and excellent biocompatibility. Among its various topological forms, branched DNA (bDNA), including Y-shaped DNA (Y-DNA), X-shaped DNA (X-DNA), etc., stands out as a fundamental building block for fabricating functional DNA-based materials and has demonstrated great promise across diverse applications in recent years. Motivated by urgent demands in disease diagnosis and therapy, bDNA has developed into a rapidly advancing field. In this review, the design strategies for synthesizing monomers of bDNA and their assembly into complex functional materials are summarized. The pivotal role of bDNA in disease diagnostics is presented, emphasizing its utility in detecting disease-related biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, we highlight the therapeutic applications of bDNA-based materials, such as hydrogels and microspheres, particularly in cancer treatment and the clinical translation of bDNA. Finally, the challenges and future directions for advancing bDNA technology in disease diagnosis and therapy are discussed, providing new insights into potential breakthroughs and their translational potential. These advances highlight the clinical translational potential of bDNA structures as powerful tools for disease diagnosis and treatment, offering promising avenues for improved disease detection and personalized therapy.