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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

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Hydridoborate-Based Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Batteries.

Mengyuan Jin1, Deliang Xu1, Zilong Su1

  • 1College of Smart Materials and Future Energy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|September 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydridoborate solid electrolytes offer safer, high-energy all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). This review details their properties, conductivity improvements, and challenges for next-generation energy storage.

Keywords:
all‐solid‐state batteriesconjuncto‐hydridoboratehydridoboratesion conductionsolid electrolytes

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are promising energy storage devices due to enhanced safety and high energy density potential, replacing liquid electrolytes with solid alternatives.
  • Hydridoborate materials are emerging as attractive solid electrolytes (SEs) for ASSBs, offering good metal anode compatibility, low density, and solution processability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review hydridoborate-based solid electrolytes for ASSBs.
  • To discuss strategies for enhancing ion conductivity and understanding ion conduction mechanisms.
  • To explore the performance, challenges, and future directions of hydridoborate SEs in ASSBs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of hydridoborate-based SEs, including boranuide, arachno-, nido-, closo-, and conjuncto-hydridoborates.
  • Analysis of strategies to improve ionic conductivity and ion conduction mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of the performance of these SEs in ASSB applications.

Main Results:

  • Hydridoborate SEs exhibit favorable properties for ASSBs, including compatibility with metal anodes.
  • Various structural types of hydridoborates (boranuide, arachno-, nido-, closo-, conjuncto-) are discussed in the context of SE applications.
  • Strategies for improving ion conductivity and understanding conduction mechanisms are presented.

Conclusions:

  • Hydridoborate-based SEs represent a significant advancement in materials for ASSBs.
  • Addressing practical challenges is crucial for the widespread application of these electrolytes.
  • Further research and innovation are needed to realize the full potential of hydridoborate SEs for next-generation rechargeable batteries.